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This manual was written to serve as a reference for comparisons of the performance of water and wastewater services. The indicators describe the characteristics and performance of individual features of utility systems. Each indicator is precisely defined so that it can be understood and accepted internationally. An indicator is put into context by examining how it develops over time or by comparing it with different utility systems (metric benchmarking). To explore the identified differences in system performance between different utilities a more detailed analysis is carried out, often identifying only the ‘worst’ and ‘best’ in class (process benchmarking). The most advanced application of performance indictors is to rate overall efficiency and effectiveness of the utility in quantifiable terms (performance assessment). |